![]() This dichotomous thought regarding hybridization makes conservation decisions especially difficult, particularly when distinguishing between the two processes is not simple. perhaps best summarize current views regarding hybridization, where the authors acknowledge its importance in animal evolutionary history within a natural context, but emphasize its negative impact on modern biodiversity due to anthropogenic factors. Surprisingly, some cases of anthropogenic hybridization may increase biodiversity through hybrid speciation and transgressive segregation. ![]() Instances of hybrid swarming where highly admixed populations lose unique parental gene combinations are also attributed to anthropogenic hybridization (e.g. On the other hand, biodiversity declines and erosion of species genetic integrity are often linked to anthropogenic hybridization. Natural hybridization may also be a regular part of species divergence in young taxa and occurs in approximately 10% of animal species. Natural hybrid zones are often heralded as “nature’s evolutionary laboratories,” through growing evidence for the importance of animal hybridization in speciation, introgression (gene transfer between taxa), and development of genetic novelties (e.g. We also differentiate between natural and anthropogenic hybridization, with the latter as population interbreeding resulting from human-induced environmental change. Here, we define hybridization as successful interbreeding between individuals from different populations (usually subspecies or species) possessing distinguishable heritable characteristics (modified from ). While animal hybridization is historically regarded as an “evolutionary dead-end”, contemporary research takes a more multi-faceted view, particularly in terms of natural versus anthropogenic hybridization. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation DDIG Grant #1061508 to JM and ACS, Fulbright Fellowship to Brazil to JM, Arizona State University SOLS FIGG grant, Arizona State University GPSA Jump Start and Research Grants, Arizona State University Chapter of Sigma Xi, and an International Primatological Society Research Grant to JM.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: DecemAccepted: ApPublished: June 10, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Malukiewicz et al. PLoS ONE 10(6):Īcademic Editor: Peter Prentis, Queensland University of Technology, AUSTRALIA (2015) Natural and Anthropogenic Hybridization in Two Species of Eastern Brazilian Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus and C. Thus, we suggest further study of hybridization under different contexts to set well informed conservation guidelines for hybrid populations that often fit somewhere between “natural” and “man-made.”Ĭitation: Malukiewicz J, Boere V, Fuzessy LF, Grativol AD, de Oliveira e Silva I, Pereira LCM, et al. Our data show that while hybridization can occur naturally, the presence of physical, even if leaky, barriers to hybridization is important for maintaining species genetic integrity. In the anthropogenic zone, marmosets essentially form a hybrid swarm with intermediate levels of admixture, likely from the absence of strong physical barriers to interspecific breeding. We also show evidence that São Francisco River islands are gateways for bidirectional gene flow across the species border. We characterize admixture within the natural zone as bimodal where hybrid ancestry is biased toward one parental species or the other. Additionally, we describe for the first time autosomal genetic diversity in wild C. penicillata species border along the São Francisco River in NE Brazil and in an area of Rio de Janeiro state where humans introduced these species exotically. Here, we use a 44 autosomal microsatellite marker panel to examine genome-wide admixture levels and introgression at a natural C. Callithrix marmosets give us a unique glimpse of genetic hybridization effects under distinct natural and human-induced contexts. Among primates, an order with many endangered species, the two contexts can be hard to disentangle from one another, which carries important conservation implications. Animal hybridization is well documented, but evolutionary outcomes and conservation priorities often differ for natural and anthropogenic hybrids.
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